Glutathione

Overview

Glutathione (GSH) is a naturally occurring tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is the most abundant intracellular antioxidant in the human body, functioning as the master regulator of cellular redox status. Present in every cell, glutathione levels decline with age and are depleted by oxidative stress, toxin exposure, and chronic inflammation.

Mechanism of Action

Glutathione neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species directly. It serves as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes, which detoxify peroxides and conjugate toxins for elimination. It regenerates other antioxidants (vitamins C and E) and maintains thiol status of critical proteins. The GSH:GSSG ratio (reduced:oxidized) is a primary indicator of cellular health.

Research Context

Glutathione depletion is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, liver pathology, respiratory conditions, and immune dysfunction. Supplementation research explores various routes (IV, injectable, oral, liposomal) to effectively raise intracellular glutathione levels.

Key Research Areas

Considerations for Researchers

Injectable glutathione offers direct bioavailability, bypassing the digestive breakdown that limits oral absorption. The tripeptide is sensitive to oxidation. Store lyophilized or in reduced form at -20C. Protect from light. Solution should be colorless; yellowing indicates oxidation.